How Did The Nature Of Warfare Change During The Hundred Years' War?

Learning Objective

• Discuss the 3 phases of conflict in the Hundred Years' State of war and Joan of Arc's part in it

Fundamental Points

• The root causes of the conflict can be found in the demographic, economical, and social crises of 14th-century Europe. The outbreak of war was motivated past a gradual rise in tension between the kings of France and England virtually Guyenne, Flemish region, and Scotland. The Hundred Years' War is commonly divided into iii phases separated by truces: the Edwardian Era War (1337–1360); the Caroline War (1369–1389); and the Lancastrian War (1415–1453).
• The Edwardian War was driven by Edward III'southward ambition to maintain sovereignty in Aquitaine and assert his claim equally the rightful king of France by unseating his rival, Philip VI of French republic.
• The Caroline State of war was named after Charles Five of French republic, who resumed the war after the Treaty of Brétigny.
• The Lancastrian War was the 3rd phase of the Anglo-French Hundred Years' War. It lasted from 1415, when Henry Five of England invaded Normandy, to 1453, when the English language failed to recover Bordeaux.
• Joan of Arc was a French peasant adult female who had visions commanding her to drive out the invaders. She inspired the French troops, and they retook many French cities held by the English. Joan was burned at the stake and, 25 years later her death, declared a martyr.

Terms

the Blackness Expiry

One of the virtually devastating pandemics in human history, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 75 to 200 million people and peaking in Europe in the years 1348–1350.

Treaty of Brétigny

A treaty signed on May 25, 1360, between King Edward Three of England and King John II (the Expert) of France. It is seen equally having marked the end of the first phase of the Hundred Years' State of war.

the Black Prince

A name used to refer to Edward of Woodstock, used chiefly since the 16th century, and not during Edward'due south lifetime. The name is idea to stem from his black armor or vicious mental attitude in battle.

duchy

A territory, fief, or domain ruled past a duke or duchess.

Joan of Arc

Considered a heroine of France for her role during the Lancastrian phase of the Hundred Years' State of war; canonized as a Roman Cosmic saint.

Background

In the 13th century, after the Magna Carta failed to forbid the Baron Wars, Rex John and his son Rex Henry Three's reigns were characterized by numerous rebellions and civil wars, often provoked by incompetence and mismanagement in government. The reign of Henry III's son Edward I (1272–1307), was rather more than successful. Edward enacted numerous laws strengthening the powers of his government, and he summoned the starting time officially sanctioned Parliaments of England. He conquered Wales and attempted to utilize a succession dispute to gain command of the Kingdom of Scotland, though this developed into a costly and drawn-out military campaign.

Afterwards the disastrous reign of Edward Two, which saw military losses and the Keen Famine, Edward Three reigned from 1327–1377, restoring imperial authority and transforming the Kingdom of England into the nigh efficient military ability in Europe. His reign saw vital developments in legislature and authorities—in particular the evolution of the English parliament—also as the ravages of the Black Death. Afterward defeating, but not subjugating, the Kingdom of Scotland, he declared himself rightful heir to the French throne in 1338, merely his merits was denied. This started what would go known as the Hundred Years' War.

The Hundred Years' War

The Hundred Years' State of war is the term used to describe a series of conflicts from 1337 to 1453, between the rulers of the Kingdom of England and the House of Valois for command of the French throne. These 116 years saw a great deal of boxing on the continent, nearly of information technology over disputes equally to which family line should rightfully be upon the throne of France. By the end of the Hundred Years' State of war, the population of France was about half what it had been before the era began.

The root causes of the disharmonize can be found in the demographic, economic, and social crises of 14th-century Europe. The outbreak of war was motivated by a gradual rise in tension betwixt the kings of France and England most Guyenne, Flanders, and Scotland. The dynastic question, which arose due to an interruption of the direct male person line of the Capetians, was the official pretext.

The dispute over Guyenne is even more important than the dynastic question in explaining the outbreak of the state of war. Guyenne posed a meaning problem to the kings of France and England; Edward Iii was a vassal of Philip 6 of French republic and was required to recognize the sovereignty of the rex of France over Guyenne. In practical terms, a judgment in Guyenne might exist subject to an appeal to the French royal court. The king of France had the ability to revoke all legal decisions made by the king of England in Aquitaine, which was unacceptable to the English. Therefore, sovereignty over Guyenne was a latent disharmonize between the 2 monarchies for several generations.

The state of war owes its historical significance to multiple factors. Although primarily a dynastic disharmonize, the war gave impetus to ideas of French and English nationalism. By its stop, feudal armies had been largely replaced by professional troops, and aristocratic potency had yielded to a democratization of the manpower and weapons of armies. The wider introduction of weapons and tactics supplanted the feudal armies where heavy cavalry had dominated. The war precipitated the cosmos of the first standing armies in Western Europe since the fourth dimension of the Western Roman Empire, equanimous largely of commoners and thus helping to change their role in warfare. With respect to the belligerents, English language political forces over time came to oppose the costly venture. The dissatisfaction of English nobles, resulting from the loss of their continental landholdings, became a factor leading to the civil wars known every bit the Wars of the Roses (1455–1487). In France, civil wars, deadly epidemics, famines, and brigand free-companies of mercenaries reduced the population drastically. Deprived of its continental possessions, England was left with the sense of beingness an island nation, which profoundly affected its outlook and development for more than than 500 years.

Historians commonly split the war into three phases separated by truces: i) the Edwardian Era War (1337–1360); 2) the Caroline War (1369–1389); and iii) the Lancastrian State of war (1415–1453), which saw the wearisome refuse of English language fortunes after the appearance of Joan of Arc in 1429.

The Edwardian Era War

The Edwardian State of war was the showtime series of hostilities of the Hundred Years' War. It was a series of punctuated, separate conflicts waged betwixt the kingdoms of England and France and their various allies for control of the French throne. The Edwardian War was driven past Edward III's ambition to maintain sovereignty in Aquitaine and assert his claim as the rightful king of France by unseating his rival, Philip VI of French republic.

Edward had inherited the duchy of Aquitaine, and as duke of Aquitaine he was a vassal to Philip VI of French republic. He refused, however, to acknowledge his fealty to Philip, who responded by confiscating the duchy of Aquitaine in 1337; this precipitated state of war, and soon, in 1340, Edward declared himself rex of France. Edward III and his son the Black Prince led their armies on a largely successful campaign across France. Hostilities were paused in the mid-1350s for the deprivations of the Black Death. And so state of war connected, and the English were victorious at the Battle of Poitiers (1356), where the French rex, John Ii, was captured and held for ransom. The Truce of Bordeaux was signed in 1357 and was followed past two treaties in London in 1358 and 1359.

After the treaties of London failed, Edward launched the Rheims entrada. Though largely unsuccessful, this campaign led to the Treaty of Brétigny (signed 1360), which settled certain lands in French republic on Edward for renouncing his claim to the French throne. This peace lasted nine years, until a second phase of hostilities known as the Caroline War began.

The Caroline War

The Caroline War was named after Charles V of France, who resumed the war later the Treaty of Brétigny. In May 1369, the Black Prince, son of Edward 3 of England, refused an illegal summons from the French king enervating he come to Paris, and Charles responded by declaring war. He immediately set up out to opposite the territorial losses imposed at Brétigny, just was largely successful. His successor, Charles Six, fabricated peace with Richard II, son of the Black Prince, in 1389. This truce was extended many times until the war was resumed in 1415.

The Lancastrian State of war

The Lancastrian War was the third phase of the Anglo-French Hundred Years' War. Information technology lasted from 1415, when Henry 5 of England invaded Normandy, to 1453, when the English failed to recover Bordeaux. Information technology followed a long period of peace from 1389, at end of the Caroline War. This phase was named subsequently the House of Lancaster, the ruling house of the Kingdom of England, to which Henry 5 belonged. Afterward the invasion of 1419, Henry V and, subsequently his death, his blood brother John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford, brought the English language to the height of their power in France, with an English king crowned in Paris.

All the same, by that time, with charismatic leaders such equally Joan of Arc, potent French counterattacks had started to win back all English language continental territories, except the Pale of Calais, which was finally captured in 1558. Charles 7 of France was crowned in Notre-Dame de Reims in 1429. The Battle of Castillon (1453) was the last boxing of the Hundred Years' War, but France and England remained formally at war until the Treaty of Picquigny in 1475. English, and later British, monarchs would continue to claim the French throne until 1800.

Attacks on England by the Franco-Castilian Navy, 1374-1380. The Franco-Spanish Navy, led by Admirals de Vienne and Tovar, managed to raid the English coasts for the first time since the beginning of the Hundred Years' War.

Joan of Arc

Joan of Arc is considered a heroine of France for her role during the Lancastrian phase of the Hundred Years' State of war, and was canonized as a Roman Catholic saint. Joan of Arc was born to Jacques d'Arc and Isabelle Romée, a peasant family, at Domrémy, in northeast France. Joan said she received visions of the Archangel Michael, Saint Margaret, and Saint Catherine of Alexandria instructing her to support Charles 7 and recover French republic from English language domination late in the Hundred Years' State of war. The uncrowned Rex Charles VII sent Joan to the siege of Orléans as part of a relief mission. She gained prominence later the siege was lifted only ix days later. Several additional swift victories led to Charles Vii's coronation at Reims. This long-awaited effect additional French morale and paved the manner for the final French victory.

On May 23, 1430, Joan was captured at Compiègne by the English language-allied Burgundian faction. She was later handed over to the English and and then put on trial past the pro-English Bishop of Beauvais Pierre Cauchon on a variety of charges. She was convicted on May 30, 1431, and burned at the stake when she was about nineteen years old.

Joan of Arc. Painting, c. 1485. An artist's interpretation, since the but known direct portrait has not survived.

Twenty-five years after her execution, an inquisitorial courtroom authorized by Pope Callixtus Three examined the trial, pronounced her innocent, and declared her a martyr. Joan of Arc was beatified in 1909 and canonized in 1920. She is i of the nine secondary patron saints of France, along with St. Denis, St. Martin of Tours, St. Louis, St. Michael, St. Remi, St. Petronilla, St. Radegund, and St. Thérèse of Lisieux.

Joan of Arc biography.Joan of Arc (1412–1431) was built-in a peasant and became a heroine of France.

Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-hccc-worldhistory/chapter/the-hundred-years-war/

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